Epidemiology Of The Communicable Disease - 1325 Words

â€Å"Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems (WHO, 2015)†. â€Å"Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations: surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution; analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2015)†.This paper discusses about epidemiology of HIV infection, including factors that contribute the development of the disease, epidemiologic triangle, role of community health nurse and the national organization that address the communicable disease. HIV is global pandemic stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, weakens the immune system by destroying the important cells in our body that fights against disease and infection. Our immune system is able to clear out most of the viruses from our body, but once you have HIV , you have it for lifelong. HIV can hide in our body cells for long time and it can attack the T cells and CD4 cells, a key part of our immune system to fight infections and diseases. Overtime, the HIV may attack so many of CD4 cells and our body is no more able to fight against infections. When this happens, HIV can lead to AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection. HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact, injection or drug use, pregnancy, breast feeding, occupational exposure, and rarely through blood transfusion and organShow MoreRelatedCommunicable Disease Epidemiology Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Epidemiology: Chickenpox (Varicella) Sheree Criner, RN Grand Canyon University NRS 427 V December 21, 2014 Epidemiology: Chickenpox (Varicella) As stated by to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (CDC, 2013); chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV causes a primary infection that is characterized by a rash with macules, papules, and then vesicles. Other symptoms include fever, lethargy, and pruritus. VZV then remains in the body on the sensoryRead MoreEssay on Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases: HIV1281 Words   |  6 PagesEpidemiology Communicable Diseases HIV or the Human Deficiency virus is like other viruses including the flu, but the one thing that makes this virus so different than any other is that the body is unable to clear this one out completely. Once someone is infected, there is no cure. Over time, HIV can also hide or mask itself in the bodys cells. The cells within a persons body that fight off infection are called CD4 cells or T cells. HIV attacks these cells and copies or replicates itself insideRead MoreEpidemiology And Communicable Diseases : Human Immunodeficiency Virus1714 Words   |  7 PagesEpidemiology and Communicable Diseases: Human Immunodeficiency Virus With the prevalence and spread of communicable diseases on the rise, epidemiologists are working very diligently to find the agent, host, environment, and how it is spread with every new discovery. According to MedicinePlus (2016), â€Å"infectious diseases kill more people worldwide than any other single cause†. The human immunodeficiency virus, also known as HIV has been one of the largest epidemics in history. â€Å"HIV continues to beRead MoreIn a Written Paper of 1,200-1,500 Words, Apply the Concepts of Epidemiology and Nursing Research to a Communicable Disease.1408 Words   |  6 PagesInfluenza Introduction Influenza is among the most prevalent infectious airborne viral diseases that affect the respiratory system. According to the World Health Organization (2016), the infection majorly affects the throat, nose, and the bronchi, and on rare occasions, it may affect the lungs. Also commonly known as the flu, influenza infection is characterized by sneezing, itchy and running nose as well as throat inflammation. The initial signs and symptoms include fever with temperatures higherRead MoreEssay Epidemiological surveillance608 Words   |  3 Pagesgathering, analyzing, and interpreting data about diseases, and disseminating conclusions of the analyses to relevant organizations. As such, it is a key element in epidemiology. This term may be used in two ways. In broader sense, surveillance has been equated with the routine health information system which gives idea about the total health situation. In narrower sense, it is used to refer to specific information system pertaining to specific d isease or any other health related event. The purposeRead MoreEpidemiology.Research. Tuberculosis1560 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Tuberculosis _ Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Concepts in Community Public Health NRS427V November14, 2013 Tuberculosis _Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Communicable diseases occurs in every country regardless of urban, rural, or with socio economical diversities. In order to help in prevention and control of communicable diseases, locally, nationally and globally, nurses who are working with the public health system , mustRead MoreHeppatits B: an Epidemic1566 Words   |  7 PagesOrganization defines epidemiology as â€Å"the study of the distribution and determinants of health- related states or events, and the application of the study to the control of diseases and other health problems† (CDC, 2014). Determinates of health are â€Å"the circumstances in which people are born, live, work and age as well as the systems put in place to deal with illness†. The communicable disease chain is a model beneficial to integrating the many concepts of communicable diseases (Maurer amp; SmithRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1529 Words   |  7 PagesKnown as a Communicable Disease A communicable disease is known an illness that results from an infectious agent that occurs through transmission either indirectly or directly, from an infected individual. The human immunodeficiency virus is considered a communicable disease, and will be explored further in relation to the concepts of epidemiology and the role of the community health nurse. Epidemiology essentially responds to the questions of who, when, what, why, where and how of a disease and investigatesRead MoreThe Importance of Health Surveillance642 Words   |  3 Pageslargely collaborative effort. The Australian Department of Health and Ageing, state and territory health authorities, Communicable Disease Network Australia (CDNA), the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), the Ministerial Advisory Committee on Blood Borne Viruses and Sexually Transmissible Infections, National HIV research Centres, The National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research (NCHECR), and the Kirby Inst itute for Infection and Immunity in Society (the Kirby Institute)Read MoreCommunicable Diseases : Communicable Disease1318 Words   |  6 Pages Communicable diseases are diseases that can be transferred from one person(reservoir) to another(susceptible host). This can be through direct or indirect contact. For the infection of an individual to take place it follows a partway known as communicable disease chain which involves: Infectious agent e.g Microbes and virus Reservoir e.g humans and animals Portal of exit e.g respiratory and integumentary Mode of transmission e.g direct and indirect Portal of entry e.g respiratory

Stalins And His Cult Of Personality History Essay Free Essays

string(161) " of Propaganda The Soviet Government utilized all available resources and a broad scope of agencies in the effort to pull strings public sentiment in its favor\." Stalin was an expert at reading and taking advantage of the given fortunes. After Lenin ‘s decease he rapidly formed a cult of personality around him. After Lenin ‘s worship had reached pathetic highs, Stalin began the procedure of making a cult of personality around himself while parallely feeding off Lenin ‘s cult and showing himself as Lenins natural Born replacement. We will write a custom essay sample on Stalins And His Cult Of Personality History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the 1930s began the procedure of Stalinisation. Stalin began societal reforms harmonizing to how he saw tantrum. The Cultural Revolution was an illustration of what he deemed to be against socialist values. By assailing bourgeois civilization he removed all facets of non-socialist elements of society and led the manner to a socialist Utopia. Furthermore he projected an absolute image of himself by propaganda through the humanistic disciplines, music, movie and literature. Propaganda manifested in several different ways. Stalin projected himself as the visible radiation of the people through: postings, pictures, sculptures, literature, music, movie. Other signifiers of propaganda included absolute control of the mass media, by which he censored any failures under the Soviet brotherhood every bit good as foregrounding his successes as a human and a leader. Stalin ‘s cult of personality extended to the young person sector of society as good. He understood the importance of brainwashing the young person from an early age so as to transfuse the absolute impression of socialism in them. By rewriting text editions and history itself, he asserted himself as a epic figure, one of the likes of Peter the Great. Despite his ruthless attempts to make this cult of personality, to be viewed as God by everyone, he was non wholly successful maintaining in head that until his decease, there were resistance groups bearing a lasting hatred for the government and Stalin himself. Introduction Stalin was one of many dictators to hold created a cult of personality in his several government, in this instance the Soviet Union. The â€Å" cult of personality † is a term used when a state ‘s leader ( such as the one in inquiry ) efficaciously uses propaganda, through which pull stringsing mass media to advance an absolute and supreme image of himself. As General Secretary and leader of Russia ‘s communist party, he was able to lift up in the Black Marias and heads of his people and be looked at in the same visible radiation as God. A cult of personality may besides be described as general hero worship. There were four indispensable factors that gave birth to Stalin ‘s personality cult. First, holding full control of the media, such as any broadcast medium webs and newspapers, he censored any ill-natured sentiments aimed at him. Stalin was really efficient in utilizing propaganda. There was an copiousness of postings and statues lauding him with uninterrupted congratulations. The principal of â€Å" word of oral cavity † , female parents taught their kids that Stalin was ‘the wisest adult male of the age ‘ . Finally, Stalin showed the range of his power by redacting exposure and rewriting history books so as to picture him as the hero of the Revolution. He besides obliterated purged names such as Trotsky. Stalin ‘s cult of personality was created mostly through the usage of propaganda. Propaganda aimed at supplying a better clasp on power. Furthermore, it was implemented to set up his personal absolutism. To bolster and spread out the range of Soviet power. To take enemies. To command the people, create a feeling of brotherhood every bit good as commanding any information sing the events of the war and the forepart. Propaganda was spread through art, literature, movies, intelligence, instruction and young person groups. Through this cult of personality Stalin was able to govern his personal absolutism unopposed and undisputed. If this â€Å" cult † was non plenty in acquiring people to follow him, the fright ( otherwise known as â€Å" the Terror † ) he struck in them was. Throughout his regulation any evident resistance was dealt with through a series of purgings, and anyone who opposed Stalin straight was killed. Although in many eyes he was seen as a God, there were certain people who were brave adequate to show their malcontent, including several authors, poets, painters and certain belowground organisations. One would believe that even after his decease Stalin would still be thought of as a hero. However in 1956 at the 20th Party Congress, Khrushchev made a study in which he denounced Stalin ‘s government and knock his cult of personality. This unfavorable judgment in itself was portion of the procedure of destalinization. 1. Propaganda and the Cult Stalin was the political donee and one who emerged as a political christ out of the 19th century. His power-seeking attitude was depicted and interpreted as the Jesus of the people and one who understood and redeemed their sorrow and agony. Without this fertile a agricultural dirt of post-revolutionary Russia, the cult environing him would ne’er hold grown so huge[ 1 ]. All cults of personality are for the larger portion fiction. An overdone image of Stalin had to be created and was brought away. This is n’t to state that without his cult he would be a nonexistence. As shown during the period of his rise to power, Stalin possessed personal and political properties separate from the cult. As Richard Overy argues, the job Stalin faced was that he was non a sovereign, or a talented military commanding officer. Stalin was cognizant that whatever will and power he projected by himself would non do, and that his claim to supreme and entire power would be achieved by unnaturally imitating a sense of authorization.[ 2 ] Furthermore, Overy speculates that the glorious being that Stalin presented, was nil like the adult male himself. He states that Stalin consulted members of the Moscow State Theater for lessons refering his dictatorial image. Rede given to him included, speaking easy, be a larger image than him and life itself, and utilizing his pipe as an image foil.[ 3 ] 1.1 Purpose of Propaganda The Soviet Government utilized all available resources and a broad scope of agencies in the effort to pull strings public sentiment in its favor. Propaganda was carefully designed to act upon positions and public judgement. Through several schemes, the Soviet Government was able to beef up the coveted belief of the accomplishments of socialism and the illustriousness of itself. The gradual development of a cult of personality was cogent evidence in itself that propaganda was used to function the demands of the Soviet leading and non those of socialism. As western historiographers argue, any support for Stalin was the consequence of extreme usage of propaganda. The usage of propaganda was exceptionally favourable in dissembling the failures of the Five-Year Plans and advancing the successes of the authorities. Lenin ‘s and Stalin ‘s Cult During the period of the 1920s through the 1930s the Soviet Government created two cults of personality. One around Lenin and subsequently on around Stalin. Lenin was strongly against the thought of epic worship every bit good as the embalming of the dead[ 4 ]. Be this as it may, Stalin was gifted in taking advantage of the given fortunes. Equally shortly as Lenin died, Stalin saw to it that he was worshiped as the hero of communism. Lenin appeared in newspapers and statues were built in his award. His image and ideals were used to drive the population towards copying his commitment to communism. The most revealing illustration of Lenin ‘s usage for political intents, was his embalming for show in the mausoleum in Red Square. Furthermore, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in 1924. At the clip of his decease there was a moving ridge of support from which the Soviet authorities was able to construct on, as seen by the waiting lines constructing up to see his embalmed organic structure. This cult was really fruitful for Stalin who continuously projected himself as Lenin ‘s natural replacement.[ 5 ] The 2nd cult of personality that emerged was that of Stalin ‘s. In 1923, a town once known as Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad. Following Lenin ‘s decease, slogan phrases such as, â€Å" Stalin is the Lenin of today † , put in circulation by Barbusse, became widely popular within the rank and file members of the party[ 6 ]. Stalin ne’er let travel of the bond he had created to bind himself and Lenin ‘s bequest, which he used to shelter himself from unfavorable judgment[ 7 ]. Stalin fed on the cult of personality he developed around Lenin which he finally devoured by the terminal of the 1930s. The cult go arounding around Stalin had become more apparent and after the Second World War this cult had risen to pathetic highs. The Cultural Revolution After 1924, the authorities had realised the the significance of popular civilization and in the period of 1928-32 the authorities made a more co-ordinated effort in utilizing civilization for its ain benefit known as the Cultural Revolution. Stalin used popular civilization non merely to help the publicity of his image but besides to transfuse socialist values and his policies within people. Stalin used civilization to convey forth his cult of personality, it was apparent that popular civilization was used as tool of the party instead functioning the demands of socialism. The purposes of the Cultural Revolution were to take any kind of art signifiers directed to an sole, higher category audience, normally know as the â€Å" Bourgeois civilization † . To show a positive image of the success of the Soviet Union and besides to back up authorities policy. By the terminal of the 1930s it was used to unite the Russian people at the face of menace of war.[ 8 ] The Cultural Revolution aimed to purge all facets of bourgeois civilization. The authorities made usage of immature Communists who were encouraged to assail bourgeois civilization. Performances were disrupted by whistling and shouting. In literature, an administration known as the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers ( RAPP ) was formed whose intent was to oversee all publications of books and do certain that they were written the â€Å" right manner † . This is to state that they promoted the values of socialism through their authorship. The RAPP favored the Hagiographas that stressed and highlighted the accomplishments of workers and husbandmans. This attitude was subsequently labeled as the â€Å" the cult of the small adult male † .[ 9 ]Stalin recognised the importance of authors naming them â€Å" the applied scientists of human psyches † , and this organic structure was to organize all authors in the effort to convey forth socialist pragmatism.[ 10 ]T he Cultural Revolution besides aimed at advancing a perceptual experience of what socialist policy should be like. This led to the manifestation of a construct known as â€Å" airy Utopianism † , which was instead separate from realistic political relations. These visionaries enforced thoughts of future socialism in their plants. Music suffered every bit good from turning force per unit area. In 1935 after watching a public presentation of Shostakovich ‘s opera Lady Macbeth of Mtensk, Stalin was in a province of daze. His offense ballad in the sleeping room scene where trombones were used to underscore what was go oning. It was common cognition after that if one wished to maintain working in the country of the humanistic disciplines, it was in their best involvements to lodge with well-worn subjects than experiment. A similar oraganisation to that of the RAPP was formed refering the music industry. Stalin had formed this administration instill Soviet values within music, to advance his image ( which was done by including Stalin ‘s name in the national anthem ) and to filtrate out any hints of businessperson every bit good as western elements. The Proletarian Musicians called western popular music â€Å" the vocal and dance of the period of the calamity of capitalist economy † , the fox-trot â€Å" the dance of slaves and the tango â€Å" the music of impotents † . The typical political orientation and attitude of proletarian composers was, differentiation of vocal over instrumental music, simple data format, clear harmoniousness and a basic hate of Western political orientation and importance of communism. Stalin condemned all signifiers of music, be it gypsy wind or classical. For Stalin â€Å" foreign † or broad signifiers of music was the tuneful equivalent of sabotage. In 1929, Stalin banned any private sheet music publication, every bit good as censoring itinerant music on the wireless. To foster the purgings on music, in 1928 the author Maxim Gorky related wind to subjects of homosexualism, drugs and businessperson erotism. On the other manus nevertheless, proletarian instrumentalists were non able to make desirable replacements. They were hapless composers of lowly endowment. Their music was stale with a march-like beat. In 1932, the Russian Asso ciation of Proletarian Musicians was abolished and Stalin suggested an emotional turbulence. As a consequence, all signifiers of music were re-introduced.[ 11 ] Art was manipulated merely every bit good in the effort to project the ideal vision of life under the Five-year Plans. The thought behind Socialistic Realism concluded in the abolition of abstract art as postings. Stalin issued pictures and sculptures of provincials and industrial workers collaborating for the benefit of socialism and being rewarded for their attempts and work. Stalin continued to absorb Lenin ‘s cult by constructing huge statues next to those of Lenin. During the 1930s due to Stalin ‘s signifier of subject through legion purgings, people had fallen out of favor. In order to re-assert himself as the visible radiation in their eyes, pictures and exposures were re-edited so as to portray Stalin as Lenin ‘s closest comrade. Stalin besides used this method of re-editing art to extinguish resistance and personal challengers. Trotsky for illustration was cut out from images sitting beside Lenin and replaced with Stalin. This column behavior was evident ev en in group exposures, as one of 15 people could hold been reduced to seven.[ 12 ]By the terminal of the 1930s the humanistic disciplines were used to reenforce socialist values and Stalin ‘s cult. All signifiers of art were used to foreground his qualities and praise his really being. Stalin was portrayed as the hero of the civil war and the Jesus of the revolution. Protecting the party from Leftist and Rightist onslaughts. Artists painted Stalin as the â€Å" large hero † or Vozhd ( the foreman ) .[ 13 ] 3. Different Forms of Propaganda Other signifiers of propaganda included pull stringsing mass media coverage, set uping young person administrations and brainwashing kids from an early age through instruction so as to raise them with socialist values instilled within them. 3.1 Media The authorities ‘s influence ranged every bit far as the mass media including newspapers and the wireless. Pravda and Izvestiya were newspapers with a infinitesimal measure of existent information every bit good as a limited aggregation of expressed positions and sentiments. Pravda was the chief day-to-day newspaper of the USSR and the Communist Party ‘s official newspaper. Izvestiya was a national owned and popular day-to-day newspaper. These documents were most likely to describe on economic accomplishments, citing statistics to underscore the spheres of success every bit good as publication demands for harder labor. The imperativeness had fallen into the custodies of the authorities merely to be used for censoring and for propaganda intents.[ 14 ] The use of mass media for propaganda became more dominant in 1941 when war was unleashed between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. At the clip, this war was known as the â€Å" Patriotic † War. A batch of accent prevarications in the word â€Å" loyal † . This was intentionally published by newspapers under Stalin ‘s orders so as to make a feeling of integrity, comrades contending against the enemy. During this period of war old ages, Stalin used these resources to distribute the thought and to remind the people that, â€Å" Stalin will take Russia to triumph † and that by following his orders they could get the better of all adversities as good vouching a comfortable hereafter.[ 15 ]In the spirit of supporting the fatherland and back uping fellow companions at the forepart, Pravda stated in an column, â€Å" ‘Art in the Service of the Red Army ‘ : Let dramatists, composers, poets, novelists and creative persons glorify the epic consequence of the Red Army and the full Soviet people, because, in these yearss of the Patriotic War, their work for the Red Army will assist convey close our triumph over the enemy. Let them animate the people and out Red Army to go on the grim battle against the enemy, so that our warriors should travel into conflict with a menacing and cheerful vocal, boy that from every image, from every frame in a movie, from every page in a newspaper the creative person, the poet, the author should fire a well-aimed shooting at the enemy. † Furthermore, Stalin used the mass media to command information being sent in and out. This is to state that he performed day-to-day reviews of newspaper articles so as to wipe out any ill-natured sentiments directed towards him. During war-time old ages, he ordered everyone to manus in their ain wirelesss in exchange for authorities issue. This was a safeguard taken by Stalin, to vouch their ignorance and his wellbeing. He could non afford the population having information from foreign beginnings like the BBC or any German broadcast medium webs. As stated antecedently, he masked the failures of the Five-Year Plans, and holding full control of the media, he merely reported of the successes, if any. As a consequence, general perceptual experience of socialism was reinforced every bit good as his position as a strategically smart commanding officer and a valorous leader.[ 16 ] Alternatively of following the profit-maximizing attitude of supplying what the spectator wants, in the Soviet Union the media existed in conformity to the dominant political orientation of the Communist Party. The impression of Social Realism extended into the mass media supplying firm support for the current political line. Suppressing contrasting political sentiments, every bit good as portraying the worst possible life style under capitalist economy. Varied sentiments refering the USSR, every bit good as societal insufficiencies in the Soviet brotherhood were purely out subjects. Through the mass media, Stalin created a black-and-white universe. Anything communist or Soviet related was favourable, a positive facet of life, and anything capitalistic imperialistic or American related was bad.[ 17 ] 3.2 Youth Organisations and Education. Stalin recognised the importance of determining the heads of the immature from an early age. The agencies used to this terminal were certain youth administrations established and controlled under the Communist Party and the instruction system. The two chief young person administrations were the Pioneers, for persons under the age of 14 and Komsomol for the age scope from 14 to 28. Komsomol played a important function during the period of the Cultural Revolution. Komsomol members were ordered to assail all elements of bourgeois civilization and category enemies. Komsomol ‘s success is demonstrated by its figures. In 1929 there were 2.3 million members making the tallness of 10.2 million members in 1940.[ 18 ] Komsomol provided immature Communists a intent. The Cultural Revolution was seen as a more effectual measure towards the creative activity of the socialist Utopia that many of these immature Communists lived up to. One facet of society that was influenced by the invasion of Komsomol was that of instruction. As a consequence of the onslaughts on bourgeois civilization, many instructors were removed from their instruction places every bit good as the prostration of educational establishments. Komsomol ‘s actions were acquiring out of manus, so the authorities was forced to reconstruct order. Discipline and a stricter course of study were established under The Educational Law of 1935. Stalin noticed that the Cultural Revolution had led to the break and debasement of the educational system. From 1935, a series of steps were set away designed to enforce stableness. Lone authorities approved text editions were allowed and formal scrutinies were reintroduced. In order to fire his excellence into their heads, Stalin introduced the instruction of communist political orientation. Stalin rewrote chapters in some text editions himself, rewriting history to portray himself as the hero of the Revolution, and associating himself with historical icons like Peter the Great.[ 19 ] Decision Stalin ‘s hunt for power was absolute. His methods to accomplish it were ruthless. There is a distinct connexion between method and consequence in his policies and behavior. Stalin was both merciless in his chase for power and efficient in his usage of it. Stalin was successful in making a cult of personality, determining what the people thought of him and finally achieving a god-like position. He created a totalitarian province, more effectual than that of his contemporaries- Hitler and Mussolini. Stalin promoted his personal qualities through entire control of internal developments and working all available chances, such as the naivete of the population every bit good as sharing Lenin ‘s popularity. He reached the top by immediately extinguishing any evident challengers and resistances through purgings. He changed the people ‘s cultural, societal and political political orientations with those of his ain. By presenting the Cultural Revolution and the Great Terror, Stalin granted himself an absolute degree of control as the exclusive supplier of cognition, and as the supreme illustration of what people should draw a bead on to be. Nevertheless non all sectors of the population were willing to accept Stalin taking them blindly down the way of his choosing. Certain sectors of the rural population expressed their ill will to the government. They harbored a lasting hatred for the authorities after holding endured the horrors of the collectivization procedure, whose failure was neatly masked by Stalin ‘s propaganda. Although Stalin ‘s god-like power was thought to be unflawed and far-reaching, that did non halt sub-cultures and revolutionary groups from shooting. The bead of government-controlled music limitations issued at the terminal of the 1930s was cogent evidence of the fact that Stalin ‘s power was non absolute and could non command all facets of society. Although f or the most portion of the population he was seen as the brightest visible radiation, certain members of the population were non drawn in by his sweet-talk and illusory actions. Underground street packs and the gulag showed their opposition by developing their ain gags and vocals. How to cite Stalins And His Cult Of Personality History Essay, Essay examples

Babe Ruth Essay Example For Students

Babe Ruth Essay Ruth, Babe George Herman Babe Ruth, b. Baltimore,Md., Feb. 6, 1895, d. Aug. 16, 1948, was one ofprofessional baseballs greatest sluggers and probably thebest-known player of the 1920s and early 1930s. As a NewYork Yankee, Ruth took the game out of the dead-ball era,saved it from the Black Sox scandal of 1919, andsingle-handedly revitalized the sport as the countrys nationalpastime. He teamed with Lou Gehrig to form what becamethe greatest one-two hitting punch in baseball and was theheart of the 1927 Yankees, a team regarded by somebaseball experts as the best in baseball history. Nicknamedthe Sultan of Swat, Ruth started his major league career as aleft-handed pitcher with the Boston Red Sox in 1914. In158 games for Boston he compiled a pitching record of 89victories and 46 losses, including two 20-win seasons23wins in 1916 and 24 wins in 1917. He eventually added 5more wins as a Yankee hurler and ended his pitching careerwith a 2.28 earned run average; he also had 3 wins againstno losses in World Series competition, including one stretchof 292/3 consecutive scoreless innings. It is for his prowessat bat, not at the mound, however, that Ruth is rememberedtoday. He was sold to New York by Boston following the1919 season and after a permanent shift to the outfieldresponded by smashing a record 54 home runs whilecompiling a .376 batting average. In 22 seasons with theRed Sox, Yankees, and Boston Braves, Ruth led the leaguein home runs a record 12 timesincluding 59 in 1921 and athen-record 60 in 1927. He retired in 1935 with 714 careerhome runs, a record not surpassed until Hank Aaronsperformance in 1974. Ruth was elected to the Baseball Hallof Fame in 1936 as one of the first five charter members. Bibliography: Creamer, Robert, Babe (1974); Ruth, ClaireM., with Bill Slocum, The Babe and I (1959); Ruth, GeorgeH., with Bob Considine, The Babe Ruth Story (1948);Smelser, Marshall, The Life That Ruth Built: A Biography(1975); Wagenheim, Kal, Babe Ruth (1974). PictureCaptions Babe Ruth (1895-1948) remains perhaps themost famous baseball player in history despite the fact thatmost of his batting records have been eclipsed. Beforejoining the New York Yankees, Ruth had been anoutstanding pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. The Yankeesconverted him into an outfielder, and Ruth led the team tofour world championships (1923, 1927-28, 1932). (TheBettmann Archive)Category: History

Savin Williams PhD. Prevalence And Stability Of s Essays

Savin Williams PhD. "Prevalence And Stability Of sexual Orientation Components During Adolescence And The Young Adulthood" APA Psychiatry. March 2012 Savin Williams earned hisBachelor of ArtsinPsychologyfrom theUniversity of Missouriin 1971. He later earned anMAinReligious Studiesin 1973 and aPh.Din Human Development in 1977 from theUniversity of Chicago. Savin-Williams retrained inClinical Psychologyat theUniversity of Massachusetts Amherstfrom 1989 to 1993 before completing his residency atChildren's Hospital of Michigan. Professor Savin-Williams' research focuses on adolescent andyoung adultsexual identitydevelopment andsexual minoritypopulations. In addition to hisresearch, he operates a smallprivate practice. He is a well credential's Dr with numerous study's. With being a professor and a MD his studies were maid so that others would use them at a college level he published this article in 2012 with the American psychiatric association. Dr. Savin-Williams is currently writing about the experiences of growing up with same-sex attractions the resiliency and mental health of sexual minority youth group that he grew up in.in this article he talks about the sexual attraction and the sexual development of youth. His research on differential developmental trajectories among adolescents he talks about three stages the first being prepubescent were he states that sexual orientation is being thought of at that stage. By the end of the stage he says that young adults have mentally decided who they are but are still debating it do to social norms. By the third stage is late adulthood where you have final came to terms with your sexuality and have excepted. He believes that no matter what ethnicity group you are you will always go through does stages. He does also believe the only thing that can prolong does stages is religion belief's like my other articles religious beliefs are a big factor towards sexual element. I have noth ing to belief that he has bias towards anything do to the fact that he mentions that at the beginning of the article he mentions' that he came at it with an open mind will to come to a conclusion that he does not agree with.

Tertiary essays

Tertiary essays Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether, also know as MTBE, is in a group of gas additives called oxygenates because they increase the oxygen level in gasoline. The use of oxygenates has increased significantly since Clean Air Act was signed in 1990. The two-part act mandated the use of cleaner burning gasoline in metropolitan areas throughout the United States as stated by Nichols et al. The most significant part of this act was the reformulated gasoline (RFG) program that took affect in 1995, calling for reformulated gasoline in cities with the worst ground-level ozone (smog). RFG is oxygenated gasoline (minimum of 2 percent oxygen by weight) that is specially blended to have fewer polluting compounds than conventional gasoline (EPA 2000). Not only did the cities and areas that fit the requirements of this act start to use RFG, so did many other states. This, in turn, increased the use of oxygenates, especially MTBE. MTBE was chosen over other oxygenates because of many economic reasons. MTBE has very favorable blending characteristics making it easy to produce, it has a low volatility that make it easier to meet emission standards, and it can be shipped through existing pipelines. With the increase of oxygenates, concerns have been raised about its role in contamination of soil and ground water supplies. Many studies have been finding MTBE in ground water nationwide. MTBE is released into the soil primarily from petroleum leaking from underground storage tanks. Other sources include leaking from above ground tanks, fuel pipelines, refueling stations, and accidental spills (CRS 2000). Since these studies have come out the EPA has begun a process to decrease the use of MTBE and finding alternatives to MTBE such as other more manageable oxygenates like ethanol. But that does not get MTBE out of the nations water supply. MTBE removal from water and soil can be done but it is very time consuming and difficult. ...

High School Term Paper

High School Term Paper High School Term Paper High School Term Paper: What Are The Important Advices? How to write the excellent high school term paper, even if you are neither Pushkin nor Bernard Show? Let the thought about pen and paper (or the keyboard) be pleasant! Do what you want and our site will take care of your assignment! Order your high school term paper with us! Certainly it is possible to use the Internet, and it is 'honestly' to download needed assignment, but in such case how about your undisclosed talent, about your impetuous desire to leave a trace on the Earth and how about plagiarism? Ability to state OWN thoughts orally and in writing is one of the most necessary skills of any cultural person. It has been since Plato's times and so will be always! The Structure Of High School Term Paper The structure of this high school term paper is unusually simple and well thought-out. 1. Introduction High school term paper introduction depends on a high school term paper kind (description, reasoning, persuasion). The descriptive term paper is based on consideration and discussion of any product or article, someone's work. Introduction of it includes the name of the author and the name of its product, the thesis of the author, the main ideas of the high school term paper and your thesis. The term paper reasoning is rather informal kind of the high school term paper, because you express the thoughts and a unique kind paper in which the pronoun I use is possible. Introductions of such high school term paper should contain short history, which opens the reason, which has forced you to consider this, or that topic. The term paper- persuasion is reasoning on any urgent question (a problem of abortions, reasonable increase in taxes to health services etc.). Use of a pronoun I is unacceptable. The arrangement of the main ideas and the thesis is unconditioned (preferably your thesis finishes introduction), but the main thing that components of introduction should be accurately noted. Introdu ction should enumerate main ideas in ascending order of importance; you can finish with the strongest and interesting one in your opinion. 2. Part 2 Logic connection of parts is very important. Therefore, this part usually begins with the sentence, which contains the main idea. But do not copy it from introduction, because it is desirable to paraphrase it using synonyms. Further all part is devoted to disclosing of the main idea. Disclosing has the structure, which is suitable for all other ideas. It has least 3 subparts (under-ideas). 3. Part 3 Structure of it is similar to parts 2 except for the last sentence. It should sum up the ideas, which will let reader know that conclusion of all term paper, the analysis and summary will follow further. 4. Conclusion The conclusion is a sight forward that is attempted to suppose role of the chosen topic in the future or influence of case in the present. Frequently the conclusion begins with a question. Then you should repeat every main idea with a conclusion and the analysis what will be answer to question. The part comes to the end with the same thesis, which has been put by you in introduction. It is desirable to paraphrase it, of course. Your Success and Excellent Grades! You have an excellent opportunity to write your high school term paper with us! No headache and thought-out! No plagiarism and old information! You know that our writing service offers the best price and quality! Contact us without hesitation right now and get supreme results!

Process Controller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Process Controller - Essay Example The most important of these requirements is safety. This is primary, in order to ensure the well being of the people in the plant and for its continued contribution to the economic development. The operating temperatures, pressures, concentrations, etc. should always be within allowable limits. Quality is also an important factor. A plant should be producing the desired amounts and quality of the final product. Moreover, the various types of equipments have constraints inherent to their operation. Such constraints should be satisfied throughout the operation of the plant. The plant must also conform to the market conditions that are the availability of raw materials and the demand of the final products. It should be as economical as possible in its utilisation of raw materials, energy, capital, and human labour, hence, operating at minimum cost and maximum profit, striking a right balance between both to give an optimal performance. Also, various federal and state laws may specify co nstraints on temperature, flow rates of effluents, etc. to be within certain limits, keeping environmental regulations in mind. (Stephanopoulos 3) All these requirements dictate the need for a good design, which is accomplished through proper selection of controllers, plant design parameters, etc. Different controllers have different effects on the response of the controlled process. The type of feedback controller to control the given process hence forms the first step of controller design. The second design question is â€Å"How do we select the best values for the adjustable parameters of the feedback controller chosen?† This is known as the Controller Tuning Problem. Various performance characteristics such as Overshoot, Rise time, Settling time, Decay ratio and frequency of oscillation of the transient could be used as the basic criteria, while designing. The designer must strike a subjective balance between the different

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Hamlet - Essay Example With this understanding in mind, the express focus of this brief analysis will be with regards to comparing William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet† with Tom Stoppard’s â€Å"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead†. Rather than merely coming to the delineation that these two plays are from different eras and represent a specific and unique take upon the realities that define life, it is the hope of this author that the forthcoming analysis will be beneficial in helping the reader to understand specific dynamics of these plays, specific approaches of the authors, and a specific level of understanding with regards to the comparison and contrast that will be delineated. The very first element of comparison and contrast that should be made between these two plays is with regards to the differential in approach of norms and mores that define society, religious belief, and/or reality itself. For instance, Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet† presents the reader w ith something of a unanimous and ordered society, uniform in its slot, religious beliefs, ideology, and business transactions (Javed 329). The hierarchy that is represented within the play is of course denoted with regards to the manner in which Hamlet acts as the ultimate freeman; able to define his own fate and that of his countrymen upon a whim. Moreover, religious belief is something that is uniform throughout Shakespeare’s play; with Hamlet and others oftentimes representing and unshaken belief that an afterlife and the purpose of the current life can be defined through a very strict Judeo-Christian norm. By means of comparison, â€Å"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead† is much more asymmetrical its approach. ... By means of comparison, â€Å"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead† is much more asymmetrical its approach. As such, a lack of religious faith, a destruction in the belief or understanding that social norms are acceptable and efficient in their application, and the integration of the fact that a vast level of irrational and ideological thought impacts the way in which decisions are made and humans interact with one another is evidenced at nearly every juncture (Lewis 611). By means of contrast of the simplistic understanding of religion and social order exhibited in Hamlet, the social order and religious conviction that are exhibited in â€Å"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead† is far different. Ultimately, an erosion of conviction, a lack of faith, a plurality of society, and the belief that diversity rather than uniformity is the greatest means of empowerment. With regards to style and form, it can also be noted that â€Å"Hamlet† is a classical drama; refe rencing a discernible shape, beginning, midpoint, and in. As such, as a result of the fact that the preceding elements of the plot demand a level of conclusion, the reader is left to understand that action is required within the conclusion as a means of rectifying this tension. However, by means of comparison, the irrationality and the loss of sense of control that â€Å"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead† exhibits and denotes an underlying lack of confidence with regards to the way in which the plot will be resolved. Further, a unique level of differential also exists with regards to the representation of man in both place (Nejad 59). Whereas men are represented within

Organisational change Essay Example for Free

Organisational change Essay The author Gareth Morgan, uses a metaphor when describing organisational change. The title of his book Riding the waves of change suggests that change is a very dynamic process and for like surfers, managers and their organisation have to ride on a sea of change that can twist and turn with all the power of the ocean. The ocean representing the organisations internal and external environment. John Harvey-Jones (1993, p21) once said organisations need to adapt or perish. This is still as relevant now as it was in the 1990s. Change is due to a number of internal and external triggers. External triggers include, political, economic, social, technological and environmental factors and an increase in competition. Internal triggers are changes within the organisation. Change is now a major issue in which organisations, managers and their employees have to face. Organisations who fail to adapt to this dynamic environment in a suitable and appropriate manner, could face organisational failure, causing problems for individual jobs and careers. Managers need a pro-active mindset where they need to anticipate and confront challenges of the future, rather than manage in relation to events that have already occurred. When facing organisational change, managers must consider the people whom the change is affecting. These would include the people within the organisational environment, for example, staff, and the people outside the organisation, for example, customers and other stakeholders. There are many types of organisational change, each type affecting the individual in a different way. Change can be distinguished by considering how deeply the change affects the organisation. Buchanan, Claydon and Doyle, (1999) carried out a survey of management experiences of change. The findings suggest that organisational change can create fear, fatigue and cynicism. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross (1969) found that when dealing with something traumatic and stressful, people go through a number of phases, known as the coping cycle. This has been used to understand peoples responses to organisational change, a situation where people often find it hard to cope. The five stages of the Kubler-Ross response coping cycle disguises peoples individual differences. We may omit some stages, revisit particular stages or pass through them more or less quickly than others. From an organisational outlook, this can be a useful tool when trying to detect where in the response cycle a person may be, during organisational change and guidance and support can be offered when necessary. Managers need to contemplate how much pressure staff can take from organisational change. The relationship between pressure and performance can be described in the Yerkes-Dodson law (1908). The law states that task performance increases as our state of arousal increases, and that beyond some optimal point, we become overwhelmed by the level of stimulation or pressure, and our performance starts to fall. With changes being imposed, people have to spend time learning new things, adapt to new systems and procedures, develop new knowledge and use new skills and behaviours. The organisation cannot stop functioning while this happens and this can lead to the initiative fatigue which Buchanan, Claydon and Doyle found during their survey, mentioned earlier. Peoples arousal levels can be pushed beyond their optimum performance point where change initiatives are frequent. However, Morgan feels it is important to view people as key resources, encouraging them to relish change, blending specialist and generalist qualities, managing in an environment of equals, and making education a continual process. If people have skills in a number of jobs within the organisation, they will be more flexible to change. Management need to know what levels of pressure people are experiencing. There are a number of indicators which can reveal, among other things, that people are working under too much pressure prompting management to reduce the pressure. These measures may include: * Unexplained absences * High rate of sickness * Labour turnover * More customer complaints * More employee grievances * Accidents and mistakes Resistance to change is common, however, people find change threatening. Those involved are presented with new scenarios, new problems and challenges. Change can be ambiguous and unclear. Many people find change, or the thought of change frustrating. Where Huczynski and Buchanan emphasise that change can be a problem for existing employees, Morgan focuses on the importance of managers recruiting people who enjoy learning and relish change and to motivate employees to be intelligent, flexible and adaptive. Tony Eccles (1994), identified thirteen possible sources of resistance which managers should consider when managing chance in the organisation: * Ignorance This may cause a failure to understand the problem * Comparison A solution may be disliked because an alternative is preferred * Disbelief People may feel that a proposed solution will not work * Loss The change may have unacceptable personal costs * Inadequacy The rewards from change are not sufficient * Anxiety People fear of being unable to cope with the new situation * Demolition This is where change threatens to destroy existing social arrangements * Power cut Sources of influence and control will be eroded * Contamination New values and practice are repellent * Inhibition The willingness to change is low * Mistrust Management motives for change are considered suspicious * Alienation Other interests are more highly valued than new proposals * Frustration The change will reduce power and career opportunities There are potentially as many different reasons for resisting change as there are individuals affected by change in the first place. Through a set of approaches which involves the use of a range of management techniques and stakeholder analysis, resistance to change can be managed. Stakeholders are those people or groups with an interest in the organisations activities. There are three types of stakeholder, each should be managed differently: Internal stakeholders exist within the boundaries of the organisation. They are employees and management Connected stakeholders are those outside the organisation, such as suppliers, customers and shareholders External stakeholders include the state, local authorities, the public, pressure groups etc People within an organisation are affected by change and therefore respond differently to specific change proposals. Anticipating responses becomes possible when one understands the stakeholders concerned with a particular organisational change. John Kotter and Leo Schlesinger (1979) identified six methods for overcoming resistance: 1. Education and commitment Managers need to inform the people whom the change involves and affects about the nature of the problem prompting change. Their objections, perceptions and knowledge should be shared with these people to avoid misunderstandings which can cause resistance. It helps to get the facts straight, and to identify and resolve opposing views. There must be a large amount of trust between management and employees if this approach is to be used. Managers should pay special attention to skills that increase their power to communicate, to create shared understanding. 2. Participation and involvement By involving those people who resist change in the planning and implementation of it, their fears will be reduced about the impact of changes on them. Collaboration can reduce opposition and encourage dedication. If managers are to use this approach, it is important that the individuals have satisfactory knowledge and ability to contribute effectively. 3. Facilitation and support Peoples feelings may be altered towards change and they may be able to accept it if they are offered support to overcome the fears and anxieties. 4. Negotiation and agreement When imposing change, it is important to consider those affected who have a certain degree of power over the organisation. A mutually agreeable compromise may be necessary, through trading and exchange. 5. Manipulation and co-optation When proposing change to a particular group or stakeholder it may be necessary to deliberately appeal to their specific interests, sensitivities and emotions, deliberately emphasising the benefits and playing down the disadvantages. Co-optation involves giving key resistors direct access to the decision making process, perhaps giving them for example, high status management positions. 6. Implicit and explicit coercion This is where management abandons any attempt to reach an agreement and results in the use of non-violent force or threats. This could mean firing the individual, demoting them or to obstruct their promotion and career prospects. This may be appropriate when no agreement is being made between management and those concerned with the change. For effective change implementation, managers should enforce change with full cooperation. Employee involvement is very important for managers to overcome resistance and encourage employees to welcome the prospect of change in the organisation. Management should carefully think of leadership styles to managing change because this can help reduce the resistance to change. By adopting a collaborative style of management, employees will willing participate in key decisions affecting their and the organisations future. One experience of organisational change that sticks in mind was the appointment of a new manager at a hotel where I was employed. When I first began working there, the original manager lacked leadership skills. Internal communications were poor, for example, when the restaurant opening times changed, staff were not informed properly or not informed at all by management. Staff had to rely on word of mouth from other members of staff which often led to misinterpretation. Management did, not listen to problems which staff encountered. Management didnt care which led to staff not caring. The hotel had room for improvements, but these improvements were not implemented. The customer was not the focus of any decision-making and their requirements were not met. This resulted in a great loss of business over a short period of time. When new management was appointed, I experienced complete change in the organisation. Staff views were listened to, their ideas for improvement in the hotel were taken into consideration and often carried out. Internal communications were improved and staff felt more involved with the business. With the manager being focused, this led to staff sharing this attitude. Customers were at the focus of every business making decision, their opinions were listened to. The hotel experienced complete innovation which staff and customers were happy with. Within a short time, business picked up again and still continues to. Morgan agrees with Huczynski and Buchanans view that people resist change, but feels that if people are educated and trained to do more one job in the organisation there will be a lesser feeling of loss of security and certainty. He believes in schemes that guarantee employees an income and a role in the organisation, but not a specific role. In this way, security is defined in financial terms-rather than in terms of the right to discharge a particular set of duties or responsibilities- and the organisation provides suitable retraining and development programs. Change demands innovation, and innovation demands that the creative potential in people is unleashed. Many people have come to see themselves as having a clear place in their organisations, whether in terms of their immediate job or career. This trend needs to be reversed to create a situation in which people recognize and accept change, and rise to meet the challenges it brings. Huczynski and Buchanan tend to focus on the negative effects people experience when change occurs, which I believe to be an old fashioned view. I agree with Morgan, who talks more about the positive aspects of change people experience, where people today, like a challenge and have more opportunities and are encouraged to learn more skills. Negatives are seen as opportunities. Morgan believes that it is important to view people as a key resource, encouraging them to relish change, blending specialist and generalist qualities, managing in an environment of equals, and making education a continual process. When managing change, managers need to consider the people whom the change is affecting. Staff should be considered and informed to ensure widespread participation within the business when the change takes place. Management should try to build a culture where their employees share their values and aims, and a company wide acceptance to the change is adopted. The common problem of resistance to change can be helped and possibly overcome through a number of management techniques and leadership styles. Staff should be asked to identify and develop new opportunities in the organisation. This kind of orientation can invigorate and empower people to reach the leading edge of change and stay there. It is also important to consider the customer when managing change in the organisation because in todays marketing orientated attitude to business, all decision making and planning must be based around customers requirements. This is an important factor contributing to the success of the organisation. Connected stakeholders, for example suppliers, also need to be considered and informed of the change. Their views and opinions need to be heard and taken into account. When dealing with stakeholders who have a certain degree of power over the organisation, it may be appropriate to negotiate and compromise with them. This will reduce any conflict which could lead to major problems for the organisation in the long run. Managers should use the views and needs of customers and other key stakeholders as a mirror in which they see and understand their own strengths and weaknesses, and act on these insights to reshape their relations with the environment. It is also important to consider the organisations competitors when managing change. Is the change going to create an advantage or disadvantage to competitors? Will the change encourage new competitors? Clearly, any program of change involves a high degree of skill in people management since people are at the very centre of the change. By considering the people factors when managing change, the change will be successful.

Using an Advertising Agency for British Airways :: Business Management Studies

Advertisers (BA) such as the client of an agency and agencies for example media-buying as well as advertising service provider review their methods of remuneration for different reasons: Â · Advertisers such as BA want to be sure they are getting value for their money – this means in other words that BA wants to be sure that the service that they want to promotes gets best possible services without the agency charging them over expensive bills. Â · Agencies and media buying services want to be profitable so they remain viable – for an agency their main source of income is from providing advertisement services that business can purchase. By looking at the clients point of view and the agencies there is a clear underline that in some cases these two above issues can lead to disagreements, but this can be avoided through negotiating before any work is carried out by the agencies like for example negotiating payments, services etc. Advantages One of the main advantages of an agency would be that some agency would execute and develop an entire promotional campaign from scratch to completion, the agency does this through relating the clients (BA) needs with the promotion campaign of the service of BA this enables the client to be assured that its needs are met. An agency also takes a good part of developing and planning media so that the clients (BA) promotional campaign of their services gets maximum communication effectiveness, this means in other words that an agency would do its best to promote the clients service advertisement to get awareness of BA’s target audiences. Â · Once the media plan is in place, the advertiser such as in this case BA knows what they will be paying their agency and the agency knows what it will be receiving. Â · Putting pressure on an agency to keep its costs reasonably is the best method of making sure that the agency gets carried away with the clients money to advertise. Â · An agency offers to its clients creativity this means new ways of looking at advertising this could help because a company like BA after so many years of advertising could loose its advertising appeal, this is where advertising agencies are a key contributor because they offer never ending creativity. Â · An agency contributes to a company new and innovative ideas to help them to get their promotion campaign an effective edge to attract customers. Â · The advantages of using and agency would be the certainty of getting information such as market research for BA’s services to help them to benefit from, this means in other words after the contribution of the

History of Sunnah

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Religious Dissent, Discord, Settlement and Religious Essay

This section of the paper introduces the topic and the thesis. In support of the formation of the thesis, the introduction discusses a brief history of the Tudor reign, and how prior monarchies have created religious divisions within the English society. The introduction enumerates the main concerns surrounding the topics of religious dissent, discord, settlement and religious atmosphere that took place before and during the reign of Elizabeth I. The introduction also establishes the argument as to whether Elizabeth I’s solution to the religious conflict, the creation of a united church, was an important and feasible move considering the politics surrounding her reign and the pressing influence of Rome on the religious affairs of many countries, particularly in Europe. Although this would eventually lead to the formation of the Church of England and the English Reformation, it is important to examine the historical impact of Elizabeth I’s decision in terms of implementing a defined and united English church. II. The Religious Atmosphere Prior to Elizabeth II Overview Elizabeth I’s impact on the religious life in England can be attributed to the problems which she inherited; this section discusses these factors, briefly touching on the religious atmosphere during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VII and Mary I. As religion played an important role in England at that time, especially with the influence of the Roman Catholics pertaining to England’s foreign relations with Rome and other parts of Europe, the religious atmosphere prior to Elizabeth I’s reign can be observed to represent deep divisions as some groups wanted to have a different interpretation and practice of the sacred Christian texts and rituals, whereas some wanted to follow the Roman Catholic way. Although this may seem like a small problem, religion’s role in the societies of those times was critical. At that time, the Church had a strong influence on the State, and this was something upheld by previous monarchs before Elizabeth I took the throne. Certain wars sprung out because of religious conflict, and it became a pressing problem especially as before Elizabeth I had to address the re-installation of Catholicism in England under Mary I’s period. II. a Religious Atmosphere Under Henry VIII II. b Religious Atmosphere Under Mary I III. Elizabethan Reign: Dissent, Discord and Religious Settlement and Atmosphere Overview This section provides a more detailed historical approach in Elizabeth I’s religious settlement. This takes from Elizabeth I’s decision to re-establish the Church of England and break ties with Rome. This section also touches on the different acts or laws implemented at that time which would serve as steps in the implementation of the Church of England and address religious divisions in the society. This section also provides a concise but substantive background on Elizabeth I’s installation as Queen in supplement to her religious settlement. This is an important aspect of the paper as Elizabeth I’s background provides the motivation and the decision of the queen, especially in terms of her religious settlement. IV. Elizabethan England: Religion and Renaissance This section touches on the English society during the Elizabethan era. This provides a background of the religious atmosphere in the country and how, during Elizabeth I’s reign, the English society started to change. This also gives a background on how and why Elizabeth I’s period has been considered as the Golden Age of English history in which this era became a point of significant accomplishments of literature and art, in addition to the prevalence of the Protestant Reformation mindset of the people. What is interesting is that although Elizabeth I would stabilise Protestantism in England, and she would be recognised for it, this did not prevent the emergence of the English Renaissance where the Elizabethan society would adopt a more open mind towards the arts and the sciences. V. Conclusion This paper concludes with an analysis of Elizabeth I’s religious settlement and how this would serve as an important seed to the formation of the English society especially in the religious and political context. This section also summarises the aspects of religious dissent and discord, especially as to whether Elizabeth I successfully addressed the deep religious divisions in the English society; this is an important point of discussion as her religious settlement was not just aimed to address religious conflict within the country but also as a means for her to install her legitimacy and rule an era of renaissance instead of religiosity.

Annotated biography of James Baldwin - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Annotated biography of James Baldwin - Smart Custom Writing Growing Inequality in the Economic CircumstancesTopic: Growing Inequality in the Economic Circumstances of America's Children Who Are Raised In Single Parent Households Though the article under critique â€Å"Poverty and Inequality among Children† by Daniel T. Lichter (1997) does not only focus on single parent households as a primary reason for growing inequality in the economic well-being of American children; however it also takes into account many other variables that affect children’s economic well-being. Let’s analyze different aspects of this research article to have a deep look into it. Independent and Dependent Variables and their Relationship: Children poverty (children poverty rate in America) is the dependent variable in this study which, according to the writer, depends upon many factors. It totally depends upon one’s standard of comparison and will be decided according to the selected independent variables. Let’s have a look at the independent variables of the study. Lichter while talking about children poverty and inequality talked about single parent households in relation to three factors.   Thus the main independent variable is single parent households which is studied in relation to three factors identified as three main reasons of children poverty in America. These three factors can be categorized as three independent variables of the study. These three independent variables are â€Å"changes in family structure, changing patterns of employment and earnings, and changes in public assistance†; the major independent variable being changed family structure in which the main focus is on single parent households and how changing working patterns and changing public assistance is affecting single parent households.  Ã‚   Selection of Independent Variables: Since the study takes a comparison perspective thus the independent variables are selected on these lines. The variables: family structure, employment patterns and public assistance, are selected after a comparative analysis of several factors.   The writer compared several other factors from international, historical, and demographic perspectives to see how child poverty rate in America is affected; these factors which lead to the selection of independent variables are discussed below. First factor in this regard is whether a state is market-oriented or a social democratic welfare state. This factor is said to have an impact on child’s poverty and the child poverty rate will be decided depending upon whether the state is more market oriented or social. Within this dimension, a comparison is made between children poverty rate and the fact that whether the family is female-headed. Furthermore, within same comparison perspective public transfer income’s effect is studied on poverty rate of children in the given state. To elaborate it even further it is studied that what effects low earnings and low transfer incomes has on poverty rate and its effect if the family is female-headed.   Secondly, the effect on children poverty if the state used a means-tested welfare program or a Universalist social insurance programs is studied. This comparison of children poverty in America with other Western industrialized states, when studied on the bases of whether th e family is single parent or not, showed striking differences in poverty rates of different states. Even the states having higher number of unmarried child-bearing couples have lower children poverty rate (Smeeding et al, 1988); this makes ‘single parent households’ a weak independent variable.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second factor from same comparison perspective is selected as ‘time’. The study takes into account several dimensions to study today’s poverty rate and compare it with past population. This facilitates the comparison of child poverty rate today with what it was years back. This comparison engulfs many other perspectives including income decline from past and present, rich and poor gap, welfare income dependency, changing family structures, age inequality, living conditions gap, changed consumption patterns and growing chronic poverty in today’s population; where all these factors stand as independent variables having drastic impacts on children poverty rate today. Third factor from same comparison perspective is selected as ‘racial or ethnic differences’. Though these differences are independent but they do have a great impact on deciding poverty rate of American children. Poverty and prosperity rates are studied on different levels depending upon  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   economic inequality among population  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   rich and poor people  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   education – educated and less educated  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   job skills  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   family structure - married-couple families and single-parent families  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   migrations - native-borns and immigrants  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   work patterns among women in single-parent and married-couple pattern  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   urban sprawl - city dwellers and suburbanites  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   welfare assistance from government and then the comparisons are made with racial and ethnic background of the population to know its impact on children poverty rate. Unit of analysis (Population being studied): In this study, the researcher has taken American children as population to study growing economic inequality and poverty. The reason of selecting this unit of analysis is the motive to identify what factors are contributing towards diminished economic future of America so that proper remedial steps could be taken so as to ensure a bright and economically strong society. The fact that â€Å"today’s poor children will become the future poor adults† made the bases for this study and an effort is made to identify the major reasons of inequality and poverty among children. Critical Analysis of Research Design and Methodology used in this Study: For this study the researcher has relied on secondary data which was collected via quantitative research thus the research design followed by the researcher is also quantitative. However as quoted by Miles Huberman (1994) that Donald Campbell once said that "All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding† due to the fact that they need to be interpreted according to the needs of the study. Thus even after using secondary data collected through quantitative means Lichter has to somehow apply qualitative methods to interpret the data according to the needs of this study. Second point to note when it comes to the research methodology and design used by the researcher for this study is that the researcher has also used the data used by other researchers for their research. This poses a potential threat when it comes to the reliability of the data because due to the fact that every research is conducted for a specific purpose and data collected and interpreted is mainly complementing that purpose, thus there is a possibility that the data is wrongly interpreted and lead to wrong results or at least some parts of the research may be invalid. This is one of the major weaknesses of relying completely on the secondary data for a research. Another notable point is the excess use of independent variables due to the combination of comparison perspective and etiology. Though this approach gives a broader assortment to the research however it confuses the reader at the same time. There are so many points to consider that relate different reasons with children poverty and inequality which diverts the reader attention from the main focus of the study. As for the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology used by the author, first point which becomes obvious is the use of information from varied sources. This makes the research stronger because there is much information to support an argument, however the researcher, at the same time, uses some conflicting views which confuses the reader and make it difficult for them to decide whether or not the point under discussion have an impact on child poverty and inequality. Another point to note is that the data used from governmental sources i.e. census etc is quite reliable but their suitability to this research study is questionable. The income-based measure which follows Orshansky criteria to study the prevalence of economic deprivation, used in this study, has many limitations. According to the researcher himself, the measure does account for inflation each year and is adjusted accordingly however many other factors remained unattended which gives rise to the questions regarding its reliability. This measure fails to account for many factors like increase in real family income and consumption by children, public assistance for children, geographic differences that alter the costs of food, clothes and shelter for children etc. Moreover, the income is not adjusted for taxes and also the equivalent poverty income depending upon family sizes and adult-children family composition is not taken into account. Similarly the increase in single parent househo lds and cohabiting partners are not taken into account. These shortcomings makes it difficult to rely on the results displayed thereof. Another point when it comes to analyze the research approach used by the author is that there are two things under consideration: relative economic deprivation and absolute economic deprivation. Now, there are so many factors and dimensions under discussion that affects and decides whether the economic deprivation is relative or absolute and that too with different further perspectives to account for which makes it difficult for the reader to decide what is the actual factor affecting the deprivation level and growing inequality among American children. For example, factors like reliance on welfare income, children belonging from minority, children living in single parent households and immigrant children etc. all affects and decides the level of economic deprivation which is not account for thus making the research results questionable. Specific Recommendation to Improve the Research: The conclusion part of the research leaves many questions in the minds of the readers. It doesn’t provide any specific solution to the issue under discussion nor does it give any solid reason why less progress is made in relation to growing children poverty and inequality. It leaves it up to the reader and the future researchers to decide what is lacking and what must be ensured to cope with the issue of growing children poverty in America. This study identifies that what could be the possible reasons that this issue is not yet addressed properly like it could   be ineffective social policy or inadequate research but doesn’t ends up selecting one. Leaving the debate open is good to encourage new thoughts on any subject however it is only recommendable when the current ideas are insufficient or have been disregarded as the possible solutions. Whereas in case of the current study under discussion there are already so many ideas and possible outcomes that leaving the choice up to the reader or future researchers will only   confuse the matter. Thus in my viewpoint this study somehow fails to contribute much towards the solution of the issue under debate. Future Required Research: This study have identified three independent variables as changes in family structure, changing patterns of employment and earnings, and changes in public assistance with regards to single parent households. However, there are contradicting researches as well that negate single parent households as a reason of children poverty. For example, the study by Smeeding et al (1988) shows that the states having higher number of unmarried child-bearing couples have lower children poverty rate like Sweden. This makes ‘single parent households’ as a weak choice to be taken as independent variable. This raises different questions in regards to what actually can be taken as an independent variable to study children poverty. As for future research requirement, there is a solid need to clearly identify what actually triggers childhood poverty and inequality and what is actually contributing to increase it. As also suggested by the researcher of this study, there is an obvious need to look for some sensitive measures that incorporates many of the affecting factors, as discussed in the previous heading, so as to able to reflect and decide what affects both relative and absolute economic deprivation for children. There is a need to identify what it is that can improve the growing inequality and poverty among children since it is very important to eradicate the problem from its roots. There is a need to see whether it is discredited cultural norms like marriage etc or it is the lack of government policies that can help make children become economically self-sufficient.   The conclusion of the study is really helpful in identifying several issues that can be taken as next approach or topic for next research. References:   Lichter (1997), Poverty and Inequality Among Children, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 23, pp. 121-145 Smeeding T, et al (1988) Patterns of income and poverty: the economic status of children and the elderly in eight countries. In The Vulnerable, ed. JL Palmer, T Smeed- ing, BB Torrey, pp.89-119. Washington, DC: Urban Inst Miles Huberman, (1994), Qualitative data analysis, an expanded sourcebook, sage publications, the University of Michigan, ISBN 0803946538, 9780803946538

How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies

How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies By Mark Nichol Nomenclature for US government entities can be complicated. Here are some guidelines about how to style names of administrative jurisdictions, departments, and agencies: Name Versions The formal style for Cabinet-level departments is â€Å"the Department of State,† for example, though journalistic style often up-ends this form as, for instance, â€Å"the State Department.† Informally, a department may simply be called â€Å"State† or â€Å"Interior† or â€Å"Justice.† Some departments are also recognized by their initials (DOJ for â€Å"Department of Justice,† for example), though abbreviations should be used only on second reference (an editing term that actually means â€Å"all subsequent references†), after the name is spelled out the first time it is used. Abbreviated forms of names should be preceded by the (â€Å"the DOJ,† for example), unless the abbreviation is an acronym (pronounced as a word), such as OSHA (the abbreviation for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration), which is pronounced â€Å"oh-shuh,† not â€Å"(the) oh-es-aitch-ay.† Be sure, too, that identification is unambiguous. Two Cabinet-level departments the Department of Education and the Department of Energy can be abbreviated DOE, so if both departments are mentioned in a particular article or book, it’s best not to use the abbreviation. Also, the designation US often precedes a department or agency name to distinguish it from a state-level entity of the same name or a similar foreign entity, whether such an entity is mentioned in the same piece of content or not. (Note that many publications and Web sites continue to use initial periods in US, but the latest edition of The Chicago Manual of Style advises that periods now be omitted from the abbreviation.) When an entity is referred to generically, even if the term is part of the entity’s name, the wording should, by definition, be lowercase: â€Å"the department,† â€Å"the bureau† (for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, for example), â€Å"the postal service† (in reference to the US Postal Service). Entities themselves often capitalize such shorthand, but that doesn’t mean you have to. Name Changes Beware of new nomenclature: The agency long known as the US Immigration and Naturalization Service was dismantled and most of its functions and responsibilities taken up by the newly created agency US Citizenship and Immigration Services in 2003. In nonfiction referring to immigration before that date, this information should be given to inform readers of the distinction; in fiction set before that year, the former agency, not its successor, should be mentioned in references to the US government’s immigration policies. Likewise, what has been known as the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (but is still abbreviated CDC) for twenty years has undergone half a dozen name changes since the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities was established in 1942. These are only two examples illustrating that writers should take care to identify government entities according to the historical context in which their articles and books take place. When it comes to identifying government entities, due diligent research to make sure your usage is accurate. Don’t let your writing be merely, as the saying goes, good enough for government work. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 160 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Double Possessive

Why have Turkey's leaders found it hard to accomodate the aspirations Essay

Why have Turkey's leaders found it hard to accomodate the aspirations of many of the Kurdish population. Has there been Significant development on this since 1970 - Essay Example e development of a reasonable solution.1 This essay tries to determine the reason Turkey’s leaders found it hard to accommodate the aspirations of many of the Kurdish population. This essay argues that the strong nationalist tendencies within Turkey are the primary reason for the failure to resolve the Kurdish issue. The analysis looks at the development in Turkish-Kurdish relations since the 1970s. Without successfully resolving the Kurdish issue Turkey will continuously fail in its attempt to become a full member of the European Union (EU). Turkey will be forced to change its oppressive ideological foundations, and may fail to realise its full economic capability. But specifically, the country will continue to be engaged in its undying commitment to secure the nation. The capacity of Turkey’s leaders to resolve the Kurdish conflict has been impeded by too much politicisation that viewed the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) as a persistent hazard to the country. The Kurdish conflict aggravates the progressing inflation in Turkey and is the primary root of human rights abuses, and the greatest threat to the Turkey-EU relationship. In spite of the forceful Turkish military attempt and several substantial achievements in dealing with the PKK rebellion, the struggle continues. Turkey’s leaders realised that the European political system had been evolving. Thus, they understood the need to reform the country’s political structure to align it with the emerging European political system. In short, they know that the successful conclusion of the customs union relied on Turkey’s success in the arena of human rights, parliamentary democracy, and the Kurdish question.2 Thus, Turkey carried out definite reforms to abolish several anti-democratic policies, which had been established by the military regime. Furthermore, several reforms were instigated so as to advance the country’s human rights condition and to find a solution to the Kurdish issue. More

Analysis of Articles about Economic Growth Annotated Bibliography

Analysis of Articles about Economic Growth - Annotated Bibliography Example The author showed evidence to support his argument that the recent housing market boom bears many similarities to the stock market bubble of the late 1990s, and may eventually be followed by declining home prices for years to come. All this information helped me understand the real estate market more clearly; therefore, I can deeply analyze the internal connections in both markets. Solomon, S. (1995). The confidence game: How Unelected Central Bankers are governing the changing world economy. New York: Simon and Schuster. The author studied the interaction of the world’s financial markets by looking at the way Central Bankers in the U.S., Germany, Japan, England, and France coordinate their economic decisions, whether related to interest rates, exchange rates or target economic growth and inflation rates. The book showed how the world’s financial markets are connected and controlled by a small group of government officials and economists, which is frightening because people who are not elected are in control, but also somewhat reassuring because it also shows that different countries are helping each other to prevent the global financial crisis from happening. The discussion on the past bubbles, especially the 1987 Black Monday crash in the New York Stock Exchange, and how the market corrected to save itself from a major crisis, are very dramatic and a good learning experience. Tully, S. (2007, September 3). â€Å"Risk returns with a vengeance.† Fortune Magazine, 156 (4), 30-36. This is part of the same issue of Fortune Magazine on the market crash of 2007. This article is a discussion of the issue of risk, what it is, how it is measured, how banks and lenders try to avoid it, how borrowers regard it or not, and how overconfidence and greed result in the lowering of the perception of risk by the market. Although a bit cynical, since the author wrote that financial markets seem to go from one crisis to another, the article is also very enlightening because it shows how a free market economy makes adjustments that market forces learn to abuse.